by Corey Schuler, PhD, FNP, CNS
As the evolution of modern technology progresses, the integrative medicine community is increasingly able to validate the past. Modern science can elucidate the mechanisms of traditional medicines and plant-based compounds of historical significance. One such compound garnering attention is mastic gum, a resin derived from the Pistacia lentiscus tree. Used for more than 2500 years in Greek and Middle Eastern medicine [1], mastic gum is now the subject of modern studies to understand its benefits in promoting gastrointestinal comfort and modulating immune responses.*
Here, we will explore relevant data supporting the health benefits of mastic gum and discuss some of the clinical applications for which mastic gum may be of use. Healthcare practitioners are encouraged to read the studies for themselves to appreciate the nuances of patient selection criteria.
What is Mastic Gum?
Mastiha (or mastic gum) is an aromatic resin that can be harvested from the trunk and branches of the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L. var latifolius Coss or Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia). It is also known as Chios mastic gum, as it is exclusively produced on the southern part of Chios, a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea. [1] When small cuts are made on the tree’s bark and branches, liquid resin is expelled, and then hardens into “tears” or droplets, which can be collected and processed.
Studies conducted using whole mastic gum have typically reported more pronounced benefits than those using its isolated fractions, indicating synergistic effects of its components.* [2]
While mastic gum has traditionally been used in a digestive liqueur or as a chewing gum (as the name “mastic gum” suggests), its benefits can also be delivered as a powder or in capsules.
Mastic Gum Benefits to Gastrointestinal (GI) Health*
1. Gastric Mucosal Protection
Mastic gum has long been used for its potential to support the integrity of the gastric mucosa.* In 1984, initial hypotheses were validated by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) to support GI comfort related to the lining of the stomach.* [3] Those receiving 1 g of mastic gum daily, for two weeks, reported significant improvements to comfort and showed objective signs of healing via endoscopy, compared to the placebo group.* [3]
2. Microbial Balance and Upper GI Comfort
Since then, studies involving alternate dosing options of mastic gum and differing characterizations of upper GI issues have shown similar benefits to comfort. For example, another double-blind RCT in support of microbial balance supplementing with 350 mg of mastic gum three times daily experienced significant improvements in both microbial balance and upper GI comfort.* [4]
The acidity level of the stomach does appear to influence the mechanism behind the benefits of mastic gum, especially on its ability to modulate microbial balance.* [5] This must be taken into account in clinical applications. As an example, conventional agents, supplements, or foods that lower acid levels (increase pH) should be taken away from mastic gum supplements.
3. Lower Gastrointestinal Health
The benefits of mastic gum may extend to the lower GI, likely due in part to its ability to modulate both oxidative stress and cytokine responses in the body.* [6] A small pilot study to support lower GI function showed that supplementation with 2.2 g of mastic gum daily for four weeks was associated with improvements in comfort, stool consistency, and overall well-being.* [6]
4. Gastrointestinal Support for Metabolic Challenges
Normal insulin activity, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure are all signs of metabolic health, and are commonly challenged in our modern population. Mastic gum supplementation at a dose of 330 mg three times daily can support metabolic regulation in each of these areas within normal limits.* [7-9]
Improvement of emptying of stomach contents into the lower GI is a common consideration in metabolic health. In a double-blind RCT, 500 mg of mastic gum twice daily was shown to support healthy gastric emptying.*[7]
Mastic Gum Benefits Immune System Modulation
1. Balance of the Cytokine Response
Mastic gum contains compounds that may help modulate cytokine pathways.* In the pilot study referenced, supplementation with mastic gum was associated with objective markers consistent with cytokine balance, suggesting its potential role in supporting immune function.* [6]
2. Modulating Oxidative Stress
Mastic gum compounds including terpenes, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, arabinogalactans, and natural polymers have antioxidant activity, which may help neutralize free radicals and support cellular health.* [1]
Clinical Considerations
Mastic gum is generally well-tolerated, with studies reporting minimal unwanted side effects.* [1] Its traditional use, combined with emerging clinical evidence, positions it as a promising adjunct in supporting GI and immune health.* Healthcare practitioners considering mastic gum supplementation should evaluate individual patient needs and preferences with typical daily use being 1-2.5 grams daily.
Disclaimer:
The information provided is for educational purposes only. Consult your physician or healthcare practitioner if you have specific questions before instituting any changes in your daily lifestyle including changes in diet, exercise, and supplement use.
Corey Schuler, PhD, FNP, CNS has dedicated his career to advancing the science and clinical art of integrative medicine and serves as director of medical affairs for Allergy Research Group. He is a family nurse practitioner and practices holistic primary care at Synergy Family Physicians in White Bear Lake, Minnesota.